* BASICS:

                                   Physics, Instrumentation, Standardization, State of the Art in Software, Automation

 
                 * Examination Techniques:

       A-scan (8 MHz) < posterior & anterior eye segments, orbit & periorbital region >

      B-scan (10 MHz, 20 MHz) < posterior eye segment, anterior orbit >   
                                 (25 -50 MHz) < anterior eye segment >

          
               * BIOMETRY for Intra-ocular Lens Calculations
                                      high-precision axial eye length measurements comparable to the precision
                                      of the IOL Master for measurements of normal and abnormal ocular structures 
 

          * DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES & OTHER TOPICS

            POSTERIOR EYE SEGMENT

                             Vitreous Conditions:
                                     vitreous detachments (posterior, anterior), vitreo-schisis, adhesions, (sub) vitreal hemorrhages,
                                 posterior hyphemas, fibro-vascular membranes, asteroid hyalosis, foreign body tracts, inflammatory
                                 infiltrations, abscesses, luxated lens

                          Retinal Diseases:
                                          retinal detachments (rhegmatogenous, exudative, hemorrhagic, tractional), breaks, opercula,
                                     disinsertions, folds,  cysts, retinoschisis, disciform lesions (dry, exudative, hemorrhagic), cystoid
                                          macula degeneration, edema, macular holes, Berlin's edema, tumors, automated - A₁:differentiation of
                                     retinal detachments from dense fibro-vascular membranes

                         Choroidal Diseases:
                                          detachments (exudative, hemorrhagic, kissing), folds, thickening (hyperemia, infiltration,
                                     calcifications, tumors

                         Trauma and Foreign Bodies

                         Inflammation / Endophthalmitis (early diagnosis)

                         Malignant Melanomas and Pseudo-melanomas:
                                    (elevated choroidal nevi, melanocytomas, metastatic carcinomas, choroidal hemangiomas,
                                    lymphomas, osteomas, etc.)

                        Retinoblastomas and Pseudo-gliomas (Leukokoria):
                                     PHPV, Coats' disease, endophthalmitis, ROP, toxocariasis, tuberous sclerosis, retinal dysplasia
                              

                        Diseases of Ocular Wall :
                                            staphylomas, colobomas, scleritis (anterior, posterior), panophthalmitis, phthisis

            ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT

                         Corneal conditions
                         Masurements of anterior chamber(angle), iris thickness
                         Hyphaemas, foreign bodies, Synechiae, subluxated lenses,
                         Iris  & ciliary body tumors           
                         Glaucomatous changes, and  other conditions affecting the anterior eye segment
                         UBM vs OCT 

         ORBITAL and PERIORBITAL LESIONS

                           Inflammation:
                                   orbital cellulitis, sinusitis, orbital abscesses  

                          Trauma and Foreign Bodies:
                                   emphysema, sub-periosteal hematomas

                          Tumors:
                                    lymphomas, pseudolymphomas, metastatic carcinomas, adenoid-cystic carcinomas, cavernous
                                    hemangiomas (adult), infantile hemangiomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, benign mixed tumors of the
                                    lacrimal glands, cysts (dermoid cysts, serous cysts), muco-(pyo-)celes,sarcomas of orbital
                                    bones, meningiomas, carcinoid metastases,congenital dacryoceles, hematomas, etc. 

                          Diseases of extra-ocular Muscles:
                                     Graves' Orbitopathy (diagnosis, grading, detection of optic nerve compression, management)
                                     myositis, tumors, pareses

                          Diseases of the Optic Nerve:
                                      Optic Neuritis, Optic Atrophy, Tumors (gliomas, meningiomas, lymphomas, carcinosis, leucemic
                                      infiltrates), papilledema vs. papillitis, optic disc drusen, colobomas, optic nerve compression,
                                      Increased intra-cranial pressure (IIH, Tumors)

                         Diseases of Periorbital Sinuses:
                                       sinusitis, tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, muco(pyo)celes)

                    Clinical Value of Standardized Orbital Echography

                              Standardized Echography versus CT / MRI